Verb

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS


This is a special kind of emotional and mind blowing book .There are also contemporary issues.

I have written this book to increase your knowledge.  That’s why I have to spend a lot of time and research and then write.I wish you success.And one more point I would be happy if you will be benefited from my words.
Mothi is an educationist in India and connected with the education department .


I wrote many books like……..
FOUNTAINS , BULB THE SPEECH OF CREATIVITY, SPOKEN ENGLISH(Fountains) , GET JOBS , INTERVIEW YOUR PREPARATION ,  How to Answer ,  WINNER , My first Gift , SUCCESS , PREPARE FOR JOB , A Story of an Unlucky Girl (poetry)  etc.
This one is also very helpful and friendly to the mind.
I am indebted to them for inspiring me to write this book :-
N.KHAN , ANGURA BEGAM, Jasmine  Ashraf , Mainuddin,Najma,Sairaf,Ismatara,Nijam,joli,Jiyaul,dhoni,Juyel,Royel AND Many more…..

---Mothi Ashraf.
September, 2020.
India.














The Key of the Sentence
VERBS:-

Basic Forms of Verbs
There are six basic forms of verbs. These forms are as follows:
Base form: Children play in the field.
Infinitive: Tell them not to play
Past tense: They played football yesterday.
Past participle: I have eaten a burger.
Present participle: I saw them playing with him today.
Gerund: Swimming is the best exercise.
 
Different Types of Verbs
Finite Verbs
Non-finite Verbs
Action Verbs
Linking Verb
Auxiliary Verbs
Modal Verbs
Finite Verbs:
Finite verbs are the actual verbs which are called the roots of sentences. It is a form of a verb that is performed by or refers to a subject and uses one of the twelve forms of tense and changes according to the number/person of the subject.
Example:
Alex went to school. (Subject – Alex – performed the action in the past. This information is evident only by the verb ‘went’.)
Robert plays hockey.
He is playing for Australia.
He is one of the best players. (Here, the verb ‘is’ directly refers to the subject itself.)
Non-finite Verbs:
Non-finite Verbs are not actual verbs. They do not work as verbs in the sentence rather they work as nouns, adjectives, adverbs, etc. Non-finite verbs do not change according to the number/person of the subject because these verbs, also called verbals, do not have any direct relation to the subject. Sometimes they become the subject themselves.
The forms of non-finite verbs are – infinitive, gerund, and participle (participles become finite verbs when they take auxiliary verbs.)
Example:
Alex went abroad to play (Infinitives)
Playing cricket is his only job. (Present participle)
I have a broken bat. (Past participle)
Walking is a good habit. (Gerund)
Action Verbs:
Action verbs indicate what the subject of a sentence performs. Action verbs can make the listener/reader feel emotions, see scenes more vividly and accurately.
Action verbs can be transitive or intransitive.
Transitive verbs must have a direct object. A transitive verb demands something/someone to be acted upon.
Example:
I painted the car. (The verb ‘paint’ demands an object to be painted)
She is reading the newspaper. (The verb ‘read’ asks the question “what is she reading?” – the answer is the object)
Intransitive verbs do not act upon anything. They may be followed by an adjective, adverb, preposition, or another part of speech.
Example:
She smiled. (The verb ‘smile’ cannot have any object since the action of ‘smiling’ does not fall upon anything/anyone)
I wake up at 6 AM. (No object is needed for this verb)
Note: {Subject + Intransitive verb} is sufficient to make a complete sentence but {Subject + Transitive verb} is not sufficient because transitive verbs demand a direct object.
Linking Verb:
A linking verb adds details about the subject of a sentence. In its simplest form, it connects the subject and the complement — that is, the words that follow the linking verb. It creates a link between them instead of showing action.
Often, what is on each side of a linking verb is equivalent; the complement redefines or restates the subject.
Generally, linking verbs are called ‘be’ verbs which are - am, is, are, was, were. However, there are some other verbs which can work as linking verbs. Those verbs are:
Act, feel, remain, appear, become, seem, smell, sound, grow, look, prove, stay, taste, turn.
Some verbs in this list can also be action verbs. To figure out if they are linking verbs, you should try replacing them with forms of the be verbs. If the changed sentence makes sense, that verb is a linking verb.
Example:
She appears ready for the game. (She is ready for the game.)
The food seemed delicious. (The food was delicious.)
You look happy. (You are .)
Auxiliary Verbs:
Auxiliary verbs are also called helping verbs. An auxiliary verb extends the main verb by helping to show time, tense, and possibility. The auxiliary verbs are – be verbs, have, and do.
They are used in the continuous (progressive) and perfect tenses.
Linking verbs work as main verbs in the sentence, but auxiliary verbs help main verbs.
Do is an auxiliary verb that is used to ask questions, to express negation, to provide emphasis, and more.
Example:
Alex is going to school.
They are walking in the park.
I have seen a movie.
Do you drink tea?
Don’t waste your time.
Please, do submit your assignments.
Modal Verbs:
A modal verb is a kind of an auxiliary verb. It assists the main verb to indicate possibility, potentiality, ability, permission, expectation, and obligation.
The modal verbs are can, could, must, may, might, ought to, shall, should, will, would.
Example:
I may want to talk to you again.
They must play their best game to win.
She should call him.
I will go there.

Participles are words formed from verbs. Present participles always end in -ing and function as adjectives. They help form progressive verb tenses. Past participles end in -ed, or other past tense irregular verb endings, and function as adjectives.
If you have questions about a particular verb, check your dictionary. In the following table, the first column is the infinitive form of the verb. (The infinitive is the “to + verb” form — to laugh, to cry, to learn grammar, and so on.) The second column is the simple past tense. The third column is the past participle, which is combined with has (singular) or have (plural) to form the present perfect tense. The past participle is also used with had to form the past perfect tense.
Participles are words formed from verbs. Present participles always end in -ing and function as adjectives. They help form progressive verb tenses. Past participles end in -ed, or other past tense irregular verb endings, and function as adjectives.

Forms of Irregular Participles
Verb Past Past Participle
bear bore borne
become became become
begin began begun
bite bit bitten
break broke broken
bring brought brought
catch caught caught
choose chose chosen
come came come
do did done
drink drank drunk
drive drove driven
eat ate eaten
fall fell fallen
feel felt felt
fly flew flown
freeze froze frozen
get got got or gotten
go went gone
know knew known
lay laid laid
lead led led
lend lent lent
lie lay lain
lose lost lost
ride rode ridden
ring rang rung
rise rose risen
run ran run
say said said
see saw seen
set set set
shake shook shaken
sing sang sung
sink sank or sunk sunk
sit sat sat
sleep slept slept
speak spoke spoken
steal stole stolen
swim swam swum
take took taken
throw threw thrown
wear wore worn
win won won
write wrote written
Participles are words formed from verbs. Present participles always end in -ing and function as adjectives. They help form progressive verb tenses. Past participles end in -ed, or other past tense irregular verb endings, and function as adjectives.

If you have questions about a particular verb, check your dictionary. In the following table, the first column is the infinitive form of the verb. (The infinitive is the “to + verb” form — to laugh, to cry, to learn grammar, and so on.) The second column is the simple past tense. The third column is the past participle, which is combined with has (singular) or have (plural) to form the present perfect tense. The past participle is also used with had to form the past perfect tense.

Participles are words formed from verbs. Present participles always end in -ing and function as adjectives. They help form progressive verb tenses. Past participles end in -ed, or other past tense irregular verb endings, and function as adjectives.

TENSE
100, 1 of them might give you an intelligent answer - if you were lucky. The other 99 would know little about terms like "past perfect" or "present continuous". And they would know nothing about aspect, voice or mood. But they can all speak fluent English and communicate effectively. Of course, for ESL it helps to know about tenses, but don't become obsessed with them. Be like those native speakers! Speak naturally
Tenses demonstrate the time of an action in a sentence usually performed by or centered around the subject of the sentence. The actions are called verbs. Verbs change according to tenses and other issues. As verbs are the most important elements of English sentences, tenses also carry paramount importance in English grammar.

Present Simple
I do, I do do
Present Continuous
I am doing
Present Perfect
I have done
Present Perfect Continuous
I have been doing
Past Simple
I did, I did do
Past Continuous
I was doing
Past Perfect
I had done
Past Perfect Continuous
I had been doing
Future Simple
I will do
Future Continuous
I will be doing
Future Perfect
I will have done
Future Perfect Continuous
I will have been doing
Present Simple
Present Simple tense
The Present Simple tense is the most basic tense in English and uses the base form of the verb (except for the verb be). The only change from the base is the addition of s for third person singular.

How do we make the Present Simple tense?

Tenses are mainly categorized into three types.

1. Present Tense
2. Past Tense
3. Future Tense

Present Tense
Each of the types of tenses has four different forms.

Present Indefinite Tense
Present Progressive (Continuous) Tense
Present Perfect Tense
Present Perfect Progressive (Continuous)
Examples of Present Tense

Present Indefinite Tense
The present indefinite tense, also known as simple present tense, denotes a stative or habitual or eternally true action.

Generally simple present tense is used to indicate an action which happens – always, regularly, every day, daily, normally, generally, usually, occasionally, sometimes, often, rarely, frequently, nowadays, naturally, seldom, constantly, never, every a week, every year, once a year, on a week, at times, at present, now and then, or all the time.

Structure:

Subject (third person singular number) + verb in simple present form + s/es + . . . . .

Subject (all other kinds) + verb in simple present form + . . . . .

Examples:

I know Billy Bob.
He understands it.
They love swinging in the park.
Some people do not believe in God.
I usually wake up at 6.00 AM.
He plays cricket, but his brother plays football.
Earth is bigger than Mercury.
The heat of the sun is the least in the polar.
Present Progressive (Continuous) Tense
The present progressive is used to indicate the ongoing time (now). However, the stative verbs do not usually take the form of present progressive even though they refer to the present time.

Now, continually, perpetually, at this moment, at the moment, right now, This season, this year, forever, etc. are usually the signs of a verb to take present progressive tense. However, these signs are not necessary all the time for a verb to present progressive tense.

Structure:

Subject + am/is/are + verb + ing + . . . . . . . . .

Example:

I am going to the college field.
He is coming here for some tips.
They are making a basketball ground.
Why are you working in that horrible place?
Four teams are playing at this moment.
This structure is also used to demonstrate future time.

Example:

Alex is leaving for Portugal tomorrow.
I am going to complete my task tomorrow.
Our bus is leaving at 6.00 PM.
They are flying to Australia next month.

Present Perfect Tense
The present perfect tense is used when one intends to indicate:

An action that occurred at a time which is indefinite and has its effect on the subject
Or an action that occurred many times and has the possibility to occur in the present/future
An action that began in the past and still going on in the present.
Structure:

Subject + have/has + verb in the past participle form + . . . . . . .

Example:

Alex has read the book through. (No time is indicated)
I have read this poem many times. (Not habitual but occurred many times in the past)
He has lived in this apartment for 15 years. (Still going on)
Just, already, yet, just now, ever, lately, recently, etc. are some of the signs for present perfect tense.

Note: Already comes between have/has and the past participle; yet appears with a negative form at the end of the sentence.

Example:  

Alex has already reached there.
Alex has not reached yet.
I have already cleaned the house.
I have not cleaned the house yet
Present Perfect Progressive (Continuous)
It is the least used form of present tense. Present perfect progressive is used to indicate an action that began in the past and is still occurring in the present. Both present perfect and present perfect continuous can be used to indicate this type of action.
Structure:
Subject + have/has + been + [verb + ing] + . . . . . .
Example:
Alex has been reading for 3 years.
I have been sleeping since 10.00 AM
Robert has been working in that shop for 6 years.
We have been living together for four years.
Past Indefinite Tense
The past indefinite tense, also known as simple past tense, is used to indicate a finished or completed action/task that occurred/happened at a specific point in time in the past. ‘A specific time’ can be diverse and can cover a long period of time but it cannot be undeterminable.
Structure:
Subject + verb in the past form + . . . . . + adverb of time + . . . . .
Note: Adverb of time can also be at the beginning of the sentence. Other sentences can also refer to that adverb and can use simple past tense.
Example:
Alex went to Mexico last year.
I ate a mango a few minutes ago.
He had an exam yesterday.
I used to travel around the world when I was fit. (It can also indicate a habit of the past which is not a habit in the present.)
Practice more: Past Indefinite Tense Examples.
Past Progressive (Continuous) Tense
The past progressive tense is used to demonstrate an action that was happening in the past for a period of time in a particular context. The context can be a specific time or another action.
Structures:
Subject + was/were + verb + ing + . . . . . a specific time
Alex was sleeping yesterday at 6.30 AM
I was cleaning the dishes at around 5.30-6.30 yesterday.

When + subject + simple past tense + subject + was/were + verb+ing . . . .
When I went out, you were shouting from behind.
When Alex came, I was sleeping.

Subject +  was/were + verb+ing + when + subject +  simple past tense . . . .
You were shouting from behind when I went outside.
I was sleeping when Alex came home.

While + subject + was/were + verb+ing + subject + was/were + verb+ing . . . .
While I was sleeping, you were making noises.
While Alex was playing, I was sleeping.
Note: While can also be placed between the two clauses, and one of the clauses can be of simple past tense.
Practice more examples of Past Continuous Tense Examples.
Past Perfect Tense
The past perfect is used to demonstrate an action that occurred before another action in the past. There are usually two completed actions in the sentence; one happens before the other.
Structures:
Subject + had + past participle form of the main verb + before + subject + simple past tense . . . .
Alex had completed the task before the teacher asked.
I had bought a phone before you came here.

Before + subject + simple past tense + subject + had + past participle form of the verb +. . . .
Before I went to the office, I finished some business with her.
Before she went home, she had taken a test.

Subject + simple past tense + after + subject + had + past participle . . . .
Mark ate after I had bought him a bat.
I went to the office after I had finished some business with her.

After + subject + had + past participle + subject + simple past tense . . . .
After I had bought a phone, she came to the shop.
After she had gone, I came in.
Note: When can be used in place of before or after in any of the above structures.
Practice more examples of Past Perfect Tense Examples.
Past Perfect Progressive Tense
The past perfect progressive tense is an extension to the past perfect tense and its structures. Past perfect progressive is used to demonstrate an action which continued for a specific period of time but stopped before another action.
Structure:
Subject + had + been + verb+ing + . . . . . + for/since + . . . . .+ before + subject + past simple tense
Alan had been playing cricket for 18 years before he retired.
Jack had been living in Sydney since 2010 before he moved to Melbourne.

Note: This tense can be replaced by the past perfect tense withdrawing for/since.

Simple Future (Future Indefinite) Tense
The simple future tense is used when an action is promised/thought to occur in the future.
Structure:
Subject + shall/will + verb +  . . . . . . . .
Example:
We shall move to another city.
He will come to New York tomorrow.
They will make a phone which has artificial intelligence.
Note: The structure of the present progressive tense also can be used when an action is promised/arranged/planned to take place in the near future.
Example:
We are moving to Texas next week.
The bus is leaving at 6.00 PM.
Practice more: Examples of Simple Future Tense
Future Continuous Tense
The future continuous tense is used when an action is promised/thought to be going on at a specific time/context in the future.
Structure:
Subject + shall/will + be + verb+ing . . . . . . . .
Example:
I shall be sleeping at around 6.00 AM tomorrow.
They will be playing at this time tomorrow.
She will be watching TV when I come home.
I will be working in the office while you watch a movie.
Practice more: Examples of Future Continuous Tense
Future Perfect Tense
The future perfect tense is used to demonstrate an action which is promised to be done by a certain time in the future.
Structure:
Subject + shall/will + have + verb in the past participle . . . . . . . .
Example:
I shall have completed the assignment by Monday.
She will have cleaned the house before her father comes.
Alex will have submitted the tender by tomorrow.
Before I go to see her, she will have left the place.
They will have finished making the bridge by January.
Practice more: Examples of Future Perfect Tense
Future Perfect Continuous Tense
Note: There is no practical use of this tense.


In traditional grammar, word is the basic unit of language. Words can be classified according to their action and meaning, but it is challenging to define.

A word refers to a speech sound, or a mixture of two or more speech sounds in both written and verbal form of language. A word works as a symbol to represent/refer to something/someone in language to communicate a specific meaning.

Example : ‘love’, ‘cricket’, ‘sky’ etc.

'[A word is the] smallest unit of grammar that can stand alone as a complete utterance, separated by spaces in written language and potentially by pauses in speech.' (David Crystal, The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. Cambridge University Press, 2003)